The main components of human body are water proteins, fat and minerals matter. The percentage of these components may change with age and state of nutrition, viz; under nutrition, over nutrition, starvation etc. The body composition can be used for assessing the nutritional requirements during pregnancy and also the requirements of some nutrients, viz; calcium and proteins in normal human subjects. During recent years a considerable amount of work has been carried out on various aspects related to human body composition. (1) Method of daily requirements estimation; (2) Compositional changes during the life cycle, (3) Compositional changes with increase in body weight due to obesity; (4) Effect of physical exercise on body composition and (5) Used for body composition data for assessing nutritional requirements. The different types of methods used in the determination of body composition (i) Chemical analysis of whole body for estimating different constituents such as nitrogen fat, water, minerals and vitamins; (ii) Physical measurements or nutritional anthroprometry for measuring total body fat; (iii) Isotope dilution methods for estimating total body water, extracellular water and body cell mass. Some physical measurements of human body, viz; measurement of skin-fold thickness using special calipers and measurement of body density, have been used for estimating the body fat content in human subject. It is generally recognized that increase in body weight over the normal is due to fat deposition in the body. The fat is deposited in the adipose tissue which contains in addition of fat, water and body cell mass. The fat, total water and body cell mass contents of body of adult human subjects of varying ages and body weight. Parizkova carried out extensive studies on the effect of physical exercise on the body composition of gymnasts and obese children. In gymnasts undergoing physical training, Parizkova observed that the body weight did not change, which total body fat decreased as shown by increase in body density indicating a greater proportion of lean body mass. The same worker studied the effect of reducing diet and physical training on the body composition of obese children. The result showed that at the end of 6-7 week period, all the children lost the body weight and showed a reduction in body fat with an increase in body density. Data on the contents of nitrogen and calcium of the human body at different ages have been used for estimating nitrogen and calcium requirement of growth. Data on the nitrogen and calcium contents of the full term body have also been used for estimating the additional protein and calcium requirements of pregnant women. The protein requirement during pregnancy has been calculated from data on protein content of the foetus and the protein retained in the body of pregnant women, as obtained from N-balance studies. The foetus, placenta and amniotic fluid together contain about 538g protein while about 372g protein is stored in the uterus, breast and blood of the pregnant women. Since a greater part of protein is stored during the last six months of pregnancy, the daily additional proteins requirements will work out to 5g (as tissue protein) per day. The full term foetus contains about 30g calcium. A greater part (about 70%) is deposited during the last 3 months of pregnancy. The daily calcium retention in the foetus will work out to about 200-220mg per day. Since the dietary calcium is utilized to the extent of about 20%, the calcium requirements will be about five times the calcium retained in the body. Carbohydrates, fats and proteins energy value of foods and energy requirements of human body utilize the potential energy contained in foods for maintain life and doing work. Within the body, these nutrients are oxidised in the cells with the help of catalysts such as enzymes, co-enzymes (containing certain vitamins) and hormones. The process is one of continuous utilization of oxygen and production of CO2 water and heat. The kilogram calorie is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of kg of water through i.e.; The energy metabolism of a subject at complete physical and mental rest and having normal body temperature and in the post-absorptive state (12 hours after the intake of last meal) is known as Basal metabolism. The energy requirements of adults of varying body weight and engaged in varying degrees of physical activity. The energy expenditure of adult will decrease gradually as age advances due mainly to decline in physical activity. The energy requirements progressively decline as age advances partly due to decrease in basal metabolic rate and due to decreased physical activity. Nutritional aspects of carbohydrates serve mainly as a source of energy in human subjects. Small amounts of certain carbohydrates are present as constituents of some complex tissue lipids. The carbohydrates of nutritional importance are starch, sucrose, lactose, glucose, fructose and galactose. Carbohydrates supply about 40 to 80 percent of total calories in human diets in different countries. It is the cheapest available source of energy of the daily energy requirements, a minimum of atleast 40% should be supplied in the form of carbohydrates. The quantity of calories supplied by carbohydrates and proteins in average diet that carbohydrates supply about 40 to 85 percent of calories in the diets consumed by human beings in india and carbohydrates provide somewhat less calories (40 to 55 percent) in the diets of adults consumed in western countries. Cooked starch under goes hydrolysis to maltose and finally to glucose in the gastro-intestinal tract. The rate of hydrolysis of starch present in different cereals various to some extent from one another. This is influenced by the quantity of unavailable carbohydrates present in the food. For example, the starch present in ragi (Eleucine coracana) is more slowly hydrolysed in the cooked ragi flour than starch present in cooked rice flour. The rate of hydrolysis of starch present in the different foods of glucose will be some importance to diabetic subjects. Starch has several advantage over other forms of carbohydrates, e.g; sucrose as source of carbohydrate in the diet : (i) It is abundantly available in nature and is the cheapest naturally occurring carbohydrate. (ii) It has a bland taste; (iii) It is slowly hydrolysed to glucose in the gastro-intestinal tract and absorbed and hence it does not increase rapidly blood sugar level as sucrose or glucose; and (iv) It has a satiety as it gives a feeling of fullness in the stomach. Sucrose is readily hydrolysed in the intestines to glucose and fructose which are absorbed. The absorbed fructose and glucose are converted into glycogen in the liver. Because of its sweetness, sucrose can be consumed only in limited amounts. Experiments on laboratory animals have shown that replacement of 50 percent of starch in the diet by sucrose caused an increase in serum lipids and cholesterol levels. Since the consumption of sucrose in adult diets ranges from 30-70g/day out of total carbohydrate consumption of 300 to 500g /day, the daily sucrose intake forms only a small part, i.e; about 10 percent of total carbohydrate intake and is not likely to produce any harmful results. When sucrose is fed in the form of sticky candies such as caramels, toffee or hard boiled sweets which are kept in the mouth and allowed to dissolve, the sugar is rapidly acted by lactic acid bacteria producing lactic acid. The lactic acid leads to the development of dental caries. Lactose is present only in milk. Human milk contains (7 percent) about one and half times as much lactose as cow’s or buffalo milk (4.4 to 4.8 percent). Lactose is hydrolysed to glucose and galactose which are absorbed. Galactose is converted into glycogen in the liver. Lactose undergoes formentation by lactic acid bacteria in the intestinal tract and this helps in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestines. Since lactose is slowly hydrolysed and absorbed it does not cause rapid increase in blood sugar. That the increase in the fasting blood sugar after the ingestion of different carbohydrates; glucose, dextrimaltose, honey, sucrose, fructose and lactose. Incorporation of excessive amounts (40 to 60 percent) of lactose or galactose in the diet of rats on a fat free diet development of cataract. Further milk contains 3.5 percent fat and feeding albino rats on whole milk does not produce cataract in rats. There is no danger of cataract development in human beings as the quantity of lactose provided by 1 liter of cow’s milk is only 44g which will form about 8 to 10 percent of the total carbohydrates (400 to 600g) intake per day by an adult. When milk is converted into lactic curds, lactose undergoes fermentation to lactic acid by the lactic acid bacteria. In this process, only the glucose present in lactose is fermented to lactic acid and galactose is present in curds. Glucose and fructose occurs in small amounts in many fruits. In addition glucoses is used for feeding subjects who are ill. Glucose is rapidly absorbed and utilized by the body. An adult human being weighing 70kg will contain approximately 370g of carbohydrates. As against the total carbohydrate content of 370g in the adult body, an adult consumes daily 400 to 600g of carbohydrates in the diet and use it as a source of energy for doing work. The normal fasting level of blood glucose is 80 to 100mg/100ml blood. It will be observed that some factors tend to raise the blood sugar level while some other factors tend to lower the blood sugar level.
Biosympathy[ Medicine of Bioenergy]
B1[Biosze] - Bioenergy 1 is plant extract of GUAIACUM OFFICINALE [POCKWOOD Plant and GURUCHI, JOWAN, PUNORNAVA, KOSTORI extract compound. It competitively induced gastric secretion of secretion are suppresses whereas it has no effect on gastric and esophageal mobility.
INDICATION: Duodenal, gastric, recurrent & stomal ulceration oesophagial reflux diseases & other conditions where a reduction of gastric acid is beneficial including persistent dyspeptic symptoms. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, stress ulcers and gastritis.
DOSAGE: Benign gastric ulcer: FPP MG twice at breakfast & bedtime. Acute duodenal ulcer: EPP MG at bedtime. Prophylaxis of recurrent duodenal ulcer maint doses of FPP MG at bed time. Peptic oeophagitis: P.EGM daily .Persistent dyspeptic symptoms: TPP MG four times daily. Injection: Children: TP MG/kg body wt. All in six divided doses.
B2[Biosa]- Bioenergy-2, Medicine is STRYCHONOS NUXVOMICA (POISONNUT) Plant extract bioenergy. It is a potent long acting for the treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcer. INDICATIONS: Duodenal ulcer, benign ulcer,reflux oesophagitis post operative gastric ulceration. Dosage: Duodenal or benign gastric ulcer: OFeP MGtwice daily or ThPP MGat bed time for six weeks. Zollinger Ellison syndrome NPP MGdaily in divided doses.
B3[ Biosab] - ALHAGICOMELORUM and SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS plants extract Bioenergy. It inhibits gastric juice secretion. B3, reduces the acid and pepsin content. As well as the volume of basal, noctumal and stimulated gastric secretion. INDICATIONS: Duodenal benign gastric ulcer, gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Dosage: Duodenal or benign gastric ulcer: TP MG twice daily
or FP MG daily at bedtime for six weeks.
B4[ Biosap] - It is ALLIUM CEPALINN and SAMBUCUS NIGRA plants extract Bioenergy. It is use full in treatment of acid peptic disorders.
INDICATION : duodenal and benign peptic ulcers and reflux oesophagitis. prophylaxis or recurrent gastric/ duodenal ulcers and as maintenance therapy.
Dosage: OFEP MG once daily in the evening or SnFe MG twice daily for six weeks. Maintenance therapy: SnFe MG daily in the evening.
B5[ Biosadugu]- ACORUS CALAMUS and SALVIA SCERA plant extract Bioenergy. It reduces gastric acid secretion through a highly selective mechanism of action. As this action inhibits the final stage of gastric acid formation there is effective inhibits the final stage of gastric acid formation there is effective inhibition of both basal and stimulated acid secretion irrespective of the stimulus to acid secretion.
INDICATIONS: Duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, reflux oesophagitis. Zollinger Ellison syndrome.
Dosage: ThP MG once daily.
B6[ Biosaref]: - ALLIUM SATIVUM and SALVIA OFFICINALIS plants extract Bioenergy. Its act on the final step of acid production & therefore control intragastric acidity irrespective of stimulus. It markedly inhibits basal & stimulated gastric acid secretion.
INDICATIONS: duodenal gastric ulcer,reflux or ulcerative oesophagitis.Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Dosage: gastric ulcer: TP MG once daily for seven weeksin severe cases increase to FP MG once daily. Duodenal ulcer : TP MG once daily for four weeks. Zollinzer Ellison syndrome;
SP MG once daily.
B7 [ Biosaheli ] - ACHYRANTHES ASPERA and TAXUS BACCATA plants extract Bioenergy .It works by decreasing the amount of acid produced by the stomach.
INDICATIONS: gastro-esophageal reflux disease, healing and helicobacter pylori in combination with appropriate anti bacterial regimens. Dosage: gastro-esophageal reflux disease, healing of erosive esophagitis: TP MG once daily for six weeks. Symptomatic gastro-esophagitis reflux: TP MG once daily for
weeks.
B8 [ Biosa -GORD] - ACORUS CALAMUS and TANACETUM VULGARIS plants extract Bioenergy .It works by decreasing the amount of acid produced by the stomach.
INDICATIONS: Gastro-esophageal reflux disease, healing and maintenance of healed erosive oesophagitis, eradication anti secretory compounds. It is indicated for the treatment of active duodenal ulcer. Active benign gastric ulcer.Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GORD).
Dosage: Adults/ elderly: Active duodenal ulcer and active benign gastric ulcer: TP MG to be taken once daily in the morning. GORD TP MG to be taken once daily for four weeks. For long time management up to 12 month.
B9[ Biosras]
ALLIUM SATIVUM and SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALIS plants extract Bioenergy. It is responsible for acid secretion in the parietal cell of the stomach.
INDICATIONS: For the symptomatic improvement and healing of gastrointestinal diseases which require a reduction in acid secretion.
Dosage: One dose per day before breakfast.
B10 [ Biosabir ] - CASSIA FISTULA LINN and SALIX ALBA
plants extract Bioenergy .It is a sticky gel like consistency. It precipiates surface proteins at ulcer base & acts as acid resistant physical barrier preventing acid,pepsin & bile from coming in contact with the ulcer base .INDICATIONS: Duodenal & gastric ulcer, chronic gastritis, post prandial reflux oesophagitis, bile reflux.
Dosage: O GM four times daily before meals for four weeks.
B11 [ Biosaul] ANACYCLUS PYRETHRUN and RULA GRAVEOLANCE plants extract Bioenergy. It appears to form a protective coating over gastric mucosa and ulcer base.
INDICATIONS: Gastric & duodenal ulcer. Dosage: FeP MG daily in divided doses half hour before meals for seven weeks.
B12 [Bioslotsim] - SARACA INDICA and STYCHNOS NUX VOMICA plants extract Bioenergy .It is a antisecretory and protective properties.
INDICATIONS: Gastric ulcer,duodenal ulcer .Dosage: Adult: Beningn gastric, duodenal associated ulcer : EPP MG daily in three divided doses with breakfast or main meal & at bedtime . Treatment should be continued for seven weeks. Prophylaxis: TPP MCG,3 times daily.
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